Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fourth Edition, is written for a senior to graduate-level course in biomedical engineering. It describes the principies, applications. and design of the medical instruments most commonly used in hospitals. Because equipment changes with time. we have stressed fundamental principies of operation and general types of equipment, avoiding detailed descriptions and photographs of specific models. Furthennore, because biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field requiring good communication with health-care personnel, we have provided some applications for each type of instrument. However, to keep the book to a reasonable length, we have omitted much of the physiology.